Everything about William Beaumont totally explained
William Beaumont (
November 21,
1785 -
April 25,
1853) was a surgeon in the
U.S. Army who became known as the "Father of Gastric
Physiology" following his research on human digestion.
Biography
Early life
William Beaumont was born to Samuel and Lucretia Abel Beaumont in
Lebanon, Connecticut. In
1811 William trained to become a doctor through an apprenticeship with Dr. Truman Powell in
St. Albans, Vermont. From
1812 until
1815, Beaumont served as a surgeon's mate in the army during the
War of 1812. After the war ended he started a private practice in
Plattsburgh, New York, but by
1819 Beaumont had rejoined the army as a surgeon. He was assigned a location at
Fort Mackinac. Beaumont took a leave in
1821, and married Deborah Green Platt in Plattsburgh, before returning to his post. Deborah was divorced from Nathaniel Platt, whose uncle
Zephaniah Platt founded Plattsburgh after the end of the Revolutionary War.
Experiments with St. Martin
On
June 6,
1822, an employee of the
American Fur Company on
Mackinac Island, named
Alexis St. Martin, was accidentally shot in the stomach. Dr. Beaumont treated his wound, but expected St. Martin to die from his injuries. Despite this dire prediction, St. Martin survived - but with a hole, or
fistula, in his stomach that never fully healed. Unable to continue work for the American Fur Company, he was hired as a handyman by Dr. Beaumont.
By August of
1825, Beaumont had been relocated to
Fort Niagara in New York, and Alexis St. Martin had come with him. Beaumont recognized that he'd in St. Martin the unique opportunity to observe digestive processes. Dr. Beaumont began to perform experiments on digestion using the stomach of St. Martin. Most of the experiments were conducted by tying a piece of food to a string and inserting it through the hole into St. Martin's stomach. Every few hours, Beaumont would remove the food and observe how well it had been digested. Beaumont also extracted a sample of
gastric acid from St. Martin's stomach for analysis. In September, Alexis St. Martin left Dr. Beaumont and moved to
Canada, leaving Beaumont to concentrate on his duties as an army surgeon. Beaumont also used samples of stomach acid taken out of St. Martin to "digest" bits of food in cups. This led to the important discovery that the stomach acid, not only the mashing and pounding and squeezing of the stomach, digests the food into nutrients the stomach can use; in other words, digestion was primarily a chemical process and not a mechanical one.
During
1826 and
1827, Dr. Beaumont was stationed at
Fort Howard in
Green Bay, Wisconsin. In
1828 he was transferred to
St. Louis, Missouri. While en route to St. Louis, Beaumont was ordered to stop at
Fort Crawford in
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin to treat malaria. He would remain in Prairie du Chien for the next five years. While there, Beaumont arranged for Alexis St. Martin to come to serve as his handyman again. In early
1831, Dr. Beaumont conducted another set of experiments on St. Martin's stomach, ranging from the simple observation of normal digestion to the effects that temperature, exercise and even emotions have on the digestive process.
Publication and afterwards
Beaumont left the army in
1832 and moved to
Washington, D.C. There he met St. Martin once again, and performed another set of experiments on how various foods were digested in the stomach. In
1833, Beaumont returned to Plattsburgh, New York, where he wrote a book about his experiments on digestion titled
Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. In
1834, Beaumont reenlisted and was stationed at St. Louis. He left the service in
1839, and maintained a private practice in St. Louis until his death in 1853. Beaumont is buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery
St. Louis, Missouri.
Legacy
- St. Martin returned to Canada during the spring of 1833, and would never see Dr. Beaumont again. St. Martin died in 1880.
Several institutions are named for William Beaumont, including:
Selected writings
Beaumont, William. "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion." Plattsburgh: FF Allen, 1833.
Beaumont, William. "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion."
Maclachlan and Stewart (Edinburgh), 1838.Further Information
Get more info on 'William Beaumont'.
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